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Operation Flashpoint: Cold War Crisis is a tactical shooter and battlefield simulatorvideo game developed by Bohemia Interactive Studio and published by Codemasters in 2001. In 2011, Bohemia Interactive re-released the game under the title ARMA: Cold War Assault.

• 2Gameplay
• 3Synopsis
• 4Reception
• 5Expansions and sequels

Overview[edit]

The game is considered to be a spiritual successor to Gravon: Real Virtuality (1995). The game uses the same engine, Real Virtuality, as the military simulator VBS1. It was released on 22 June 2001 in Europe and 30 August 2001 in North America.^[1] Set on a group of fictitious islands in 1985, Operation Flashpoint puts the player on one of three sides in a hypothetical conflict between American and Soviet forces. The Resistance is the third playable faction. Two expansion packs were released; Gold Upgrade, which included Red Hammer, a campaign from the Soviet perspective, and Resistance, which introduced various new features and improved graphics and sound effects. An Xbox port was released in 2005 under the title Operation Flashpoint: Elite. Operation Flashpoint was praised for its attention to realistic combat.

In 2006, Bohemia Interactive released a sequel called ARMA: Armed Assault. It is based on an improved Flashpoint engine and it was released under the title ArmA Combat Operations in the United States on 4 May 2007. ArmA: Armed Assault's successor ARMA 2 was released on 19 June 2009.

A game titled Operation Flashpoint: Dragon Rising was released in October 2009 by Codemasters. This game was not developed by Bohemia Interactive, who had reserved the exclusive right to develop sequels to the original Operation Flashpoint, and released a statement that 'it is not right to promote this game as the 'official sequel'.'^[2]

In June 2011, Bohemia Interactive re-released Operation Flashpoint as ARMA: Cold War Assault, as Codemasters retain the rights to the 'Operation Flashpoint' trademark. Owners of Operation Flashpoint: Cold War Crisis and the Game of the Year Edition may download and install the latest patch for free,^[3] and the game is available for purchase via a number of digital distribution channels.^[4] This release does not include the Red Hammer expansion, which was developed by Codemasters and not Bohemia Interactive Studio.^[5] As of 23 June 2011 the current version of the game is 1.99.^{[citation needed]}

Gameplay[edit]

Operation Flashpoint's gameplay varies significantly depending on the player's role, but the game is best described as a tactical shooter with significant vehicle elements and minor real-time tactics elements. OFP's gameplay is largely team-oriented and the player spends much of the game with a squad of up to 11 AI-controlled members, either as a member of the squad or as its leader. On-foot gameplay and the vehicle elements are blended seamlessly and the player can get into any available vehicle at any time, orders and mission conditions permitting. Whether on foot or in a vehicle the player can view the action from both first- and third-person views, as well as an additional 'command view' available to squad leaders which gives the player a limited bird's-eye view of the surrounding area. At the start of each mission the player is presented with a briefing explaining the situation, describing the player's goals in the mission and, often, providing further information in the form of notes. Once in-game the player is provided with a map, compass, watch, and a notebook. Depending on the mission the player may be required to participate in and complete a variety of tasks, from simply driving a truck or guarding bases to attacking or defending various objectives, patrols, reconnaissance and sabotage behind enemy lines, air support, or any combination of these and more.

When the player is given command of a squad of NPCs, the game becomes more strategy-oriented. As a leader the player is responsible for guiding the squad to its objectives and is able to issue a wide variety of orders to men under their command, such as movement orders, designation of priority targets, formation orders and various other tactical instructions governing how they should behave such as holding fire or attacking only select targets.

Equipment[edit]

Operation Flashpoint features a wide variety of Cold War-era equipment, all of which can be used by the player, depending on availability in any given mission. Available firearms range from standard-issue military assault rifles such as the M16A2 and the AK-74, machine guns, and more specialized weaponry such as sniper rifles and suppressed submachine guns, all of which have iron sights or telescopic sights that the player can use to aim.^[6]

Available vehicles include wheeled vehicles (such as jeeps and trucks), patrol boats, tanks and APCs, helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft such as the A-10 Thunderbolt II. If a vehicle is accessible to the player, they can take the position of driver or simply ride in the vehicle as a passenger. Many vehicles, such as tanks, require a crew of at least a driver and a gunner to be used effectively. All vehicles have accurately modeled 3D interiors.

Operation Flashpoint pioneered the use of realistic vehicle and aircraft combat in FPS games. While Operation Flashpoint does not provide the same level of vehicle realism as a dedicated simulator like Steel Beasts or Falcon 4.0, it is nevertheless notable because it does not only simulate aircraft, tank and infantry combat with consistently high levels of realism, but also accurately simulates the complex relationships between these elements in warfare.

Multiplayer[edit]

After the termination of Gamespy master server (July 2014), searching servers for multiplayer is possible through the application 'OFP-Monitor' (ArmA:CWA Server monitoring tool from Poweruser).

With its built-in mission editing features, the game engine does not limit the gameplay to any specific mode. Instead, the choice of mission type is left to the mission author. Most commonly implemented game modes include:

• Deathmatch – In which the players spawn in an arena and fight each other with a variety of weapons and vehicles found in the map, the player with the most kills at the end of the round wins.
• Team Deathmatch – A game mode similar to deathmatch, in team deathmatch players join one of two teams and must kill players of the opposing team to earn points.
• Capture The Flag – In Capture The Flag, players must steal the flag and take it to a designated location, while preventing opposing players from doing the same. This mode may be team based, or free for all with no alliances.
• Cooperative – In which one or more teams of allied human players work cooperatively to accomplish a variety of objectives.

Operation Flashpoint also includes an in-game mission editor which can be used to create anything from single missions to entire campaigns.^[6]

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Synopsis[edit]

Setting[edit]

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Unlike most first-person shooters, in which a dozen or more separate, self-contained 'maps' typically make up the game world, the game world in Operation Flashpoint consists of large fictitious islands. Each island is at least a dozen square kilometres (4.6 square miles) in size, and is surrounded on all sides by ocean. This is essentially the same concept of using self-contained maps, but on a much larger scale and using oceans, rather than what should be surmountable barriers (such as walls or cliffs), to stop the player from leaving the area.

The game takes place on three different islands: The island-states of Everon and Malden (the latter is a home of American military forces), and later in the game, on the barren Russian island of Kolgujev which is the staging point for the renegade Soviet forces invading Everon and Malden.

Plot[edit]

The year is 1985, and Mikhail Gorbachev has come to power in the Soviet Union. While his Glasnost and Perestroika reforms are welcomed by western governments, there are communist hardliners in his own government that are unsympathetic to his cause and are ready to do anything to stop these reforms.

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Aleksei Guba, a renegade general, is determined to bring down Gorbachev and make himself the next leader of the Soviet Union. Guba commands an army on the island base of Kolgujev. Guba invades nearby Everon, crushing the militia force there, and secretly plans to take the war to the Americans.

The NATO presence on Malden, under the command of the American Colonel Blake, moves in to investigate the loss of contact with Everon, and reports an invasion by an 'unknown hostile force'. When a helicopter of troops sent to investigate fails to return, Blake orders a full-scale invasion of Everon, not knowing about the Soviets. Most of the soldiers sent to Everon are recruits who are about to be sent home after finishing their tour of duty.

Though the NATO forces manage to take control of a portion of the island, the Soviets eventually counterattack, causing heavy losses to the American forces and forcing their hasty retreat back to U.S.-controlled Malden. The Soviets do not only reclaim Everon, but push onto Malden as well, which brings the Americans on the edge of defeat. Blake receives an ultimatum from Guba, but at the same time he is informed by Washington that a full carrier group is en route at flank speed to lend assistance. Time is of the essence as both Washington and Moscow deny that hostilities have broken out on the islands to prevent panic, but at the same time the USSR begins a full-scale mobilization, allegedly as a military exercise. General Guba is in possession of a nuclear-tipped SCUD aimed at Malden and the American forces must prevent the missile launch from happening to avoid the beginning of World War III.

During the campaign, players take the roles of one of four characters:

• David Armstrong – A determined corporal in the United States Army who is training on Malden when the fighting breaks out, he loses his squad on Everon after a botched retreat attempt. Due to his performance, Blake promotes him to Lieutenant and assigns him to frontline combat, spearheading NATO advances.
• Robert Hammer – An inexperienced tank commander who has been called into service due to a shortage of tank crews. He is eventually promoted to platoon commander.
• Sam Nichols – A Black Hawk pilot who is called on to fly helicopter gunships, and eventually an A-10 Thunderbolt.
• James Gastovski – A retired U.S. Army Special Forces officer, Gastovski is called out of retirement to carry out sabotage and scouting missions. He is also a huge fan of the James Bond movies.

Reception[edit]

Sales[edit]

In the United States, Operation Flashpoint sold 230,000 copies and earned $8.8 million by August 2006, after its release in June 2001. It was the country's 90th best-selling computer game during this period.^[7] It received a 'Silver' sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA),^[8] indicating sales of at least 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom.^[9] Sales of Operation Flashpoint surpassed 1 million units by 2002,^[10] and ultimately topped 2 million copies by 2010.^[11]

Critical reviews[edit]

Operation Flashpoint has won critical acclaim for its realism of simulating military conflict situations on PC, even to the extent where the game's technology has been adapted for real soldiers to use as the special combat training application VBS1.^{[citation needed]}

Operation Flashpoint: Cold War Crisis won Computer Gaming World's 2001 'Game of the Year' award. The editors wrote, 'Little did we know that somewhere in what used to be Czechoslovakia, Bohemia Interactive was quietly building one of the most revolutionary games that we would ever play.'^[19] The editors of Computer Games Magazine named Cold War Crisis the best action game of 2001, and wrote, 'It doesn't play quite like any other action game out there, and that's a good thing—especially in a game that's this much fun.' The magazine also presented Cold War Crisis with its 2001 'Best AI' award.^[18]

Partial listing:

• PC ZONE Classic Award^[20]
• IGN Editors Choice Award^[20]
• Gamespy: Best of 2001 (PC Action)^[20]
• Computer Gaming World's Editors Choice Award^[20]
• The Adrenaline Vault: Seal of Excellence Award
• ECTS winner^[20]
• The Wargamer: Award of Excellence^[20]
• Gamestar.de Award^[20]
• PC Gamer Awards^[20]
• COMBATSIM.COM: Best Integrated Battlefield Simulation 2001^[20]

Expansions and sequels[edit]

Expansions[edit]

Resistance, an expansion, featured updated graphics, sounds, and multiplayer mechanics. The storyline takes place three years before the events of the main storyline. The player takes on the role of an ex-Special Operations soldier, Victor Troska, who has returned to his homeland of Nogova after years in exile serving with British Special Forces. During the first introductory mission to the campaign, the island is invaded by the Soviet Union after some members of the socialist party betray the country and invite Soviet forces to overthrow the government. Troska is approached by Nogovans who are resisting the Soviet occupation and asked to join them. Initially, Troska refuses to have any part in the fighting and rebukes them because he wants to put the combat behind and also believes that any resistance will take many of the inexperienced soldiers' lives. Later he changes his mind when a wounded guerrilla fighter being pursued by Soviet soldiers takes refuge in Troska's shed. He has no other choice than to fight off the Soviets and join the resistance.

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When Victor joins the resistance he is immediately forced to take command and fight the Soviets who attack their base and kill the resistance commander. Then he leads his units to assault some Soviet bases to collect some weapons, ammunition and tanks as the resistance forces have only a limited supply of weapons. Besides the fighting this becomes a very important objective through all campaign. After some initial successful actions more people begin to join the resistance, making it stronger. The resistance must finally overcome the threat of Soviet bombing of Nogova. The basic plot of Resistance is probably based on 1968 events in Czechoslovakia.

An expansion Red Hammer, which was developed by Codemasters, depicts the same conflict as OFP: Cold War Crisis. The expansion adds new vehicles to the game, along with a new campaign putting the player in the role of a Soviet soldier, Dmitriy Lukin, rather than an American soldier. During the course of the campaign, Lukin, who is one of the few soldiers stationed on Kolgujev with previous combat experience, switches from his steadfast fight against American forces on Everon and Malden to joining the resistance fighters on Everon battling his own countrymen in order to pave the way for an American take-over of the island. He is also tasked to kill or capture the last officers still loyal to general Guba. The save game system was altered significantly, making reverting to a previous level impossible. Lukin had been a Spetsnaz in Afghanistan, but was demoted to private for not obeying orders and shipped to the regular army for insubordination. During the course of the Red Hammer campaign, he is put in command of a squad, promoted to Sergeant, drives tanks, flies helicopters and eventually gets promoted to Lieutenant and assigned back to Spetsnaz. He is sent to kill one of the resistance leaders and surprisingly discovers that he is a Spetsnaz deserter who did not want to serve under General Guba any more, claiming that Guba is a rogue general pursuing his own agenda independently from the Soviet Union. Lukin then switches sides and joins the resistance, ending the mission by arresting the remaining commanders still loyal to Guba.

Sequels[edit]

A sequel, Operation Flashpoint: Dragon Rising, was released by Codemasters in October 6, 2009.^[21] Independently, game developer Bohemia Interactive released its own spiritual sequel, ARMA: Armed Assault.^[22]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^ab'Operation Flashpoint: Cold War Crisis release information'. gamefaqs.com. Archived from the original on 2009-07-24. Retrieved 2009-08-27.Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)
2. ^'The Name Game'. Bohemia Interactive. Archived from the original on 2010-11-02. Retrieved 2009-09-24.Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)
3. ^'ARMA: Cold War Assault Downloads'. Archived from the original on 2011-09-03. Retrieved 2011-09-04.Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)
4. ^'ARMA: COLD WAR ASSAULT ANNOUNCED'. Archived from the original on 2011-06-26. Retrieved 2011-06-24.Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)
5. ^'[Answered] Missing campaign in ARMA: Cold War Assault (Operation Flashpoint 1)'. Archived from the original on 2011-09-21. Retrieved 2011-11-24.Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)
6. ^ ^ab'Operation Flashpoint: Cold War Crisis review. (PC version)'. gamespot.com. 2001-09-04. Archived from the original on 2015-07-15. Retrieved 2015-06-13.Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)
7. ^Edge Staff (August 25, 2006). 'The Top 100 PC Games of the 21st Century'. Edge. Archived from the original on October 17, 2012.Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)
8. ^'ELSPA Sales Awards: Silver'. Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009.Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)
9. ^Caoili, Eric (November 26, 2008). 'ELSPA: Wii Fit, Mario Kart Reach Diamond Status In UK'. Gamasutra. Archived from the original on September 18, 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)
10. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20060322142845/http://www.codemasters.com/press/?showarticle=2266
11. ^'ARMA II Operation Arrowhead' (Press release). Gamesindustry.biz. June 25, 2010. Archived from the original on October 8, 2017.Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)
12. ^'Operation Flashpoint: Cold War Crisis'. GameRankings. GameRankings. Retrieved 30 August 2001.
13. ^'OPERATION FLASHPOINT: COLD WAR CRISIS'. Metacritic. Metacritic. Retrieved 30 August 2001.
14. ^Leaver, John (August 2001). 'Finals; Operation Flashpoint'. Next Generation. Lifecycle 2, Volume 3 (8): 89.
15. ^Osborne, Scott (September 2001). 'Operation Flashpoint: Cold War Crisis Review'. GameSpot.
16. ^Adams, Dan (August 2001). 'OPERATION FLASHPOINT'. IGN.
17. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20040605081241/http://computergamingworld.com/.Missing or empty |title= (help)
18. ^ ^abStaff (March 2002). '11th Annual Computer Games Awards'. Computer Games Magazine (136): 50–56.
19. ^Editors of Computer Gaming World (April 2002). 'Games of the Year; The Very Best of a (Sometimes) Great Year in Gaming'. Computer Gaming World (213): 69–73, 76–84.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
20. ^ ^abcdefghi'Operation Flashpoint Awards'. OperationFlashpoint.Filefront.com. Archived from the original on 2010-08-13. Retrieved 2010-08-17.Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)
21. ^'Archived copy'. Archived from the original on 2010-12-02. Retrieved 2009-10-31.Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
22. ^'ArmA: Armed Assault Official Website'. Archived from the original on 2012-08-22. Retrieved 2012-08-30.Cite uses deprecated parameter |deadurl= (help)

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External links[edit]

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